{"id":5727,"date":"2023-03-17T21:59:06","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T18:59:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/?p=5727"},"modified":"2023-03-17T21:59:08","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T18:59:08","slug":"5-concerning-effects-of-biodiversity-loss","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/5-concerning-effects-of-biodiversity-loss","title":{"rendered":"5 Concerning Effects of Biodiversity Loss"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Anthropocene refers to humanity\u2019s most recent and ecologically destructive period \u2013 perhaps starting around the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the term hasn\u2019t been officially adopted by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iugs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The International Union of Geological Sciences<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2022\/01\/220113194911.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0many specialists<\/a>\u00a0agree that we are currently in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/data_visualization\/the-6th-mass-extinction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sixth Mass Extinction<\/a>. While\u00a0<i>Homo Sapiens<\/i>\u00a0is the only species capable of disrupting the entire planet\u2019s biosphere, it is also the only one resourceful enough to prevent further rapid declines in biological diversity. This article looks at five major effects of biodiversity loss \u2013 and why humans should care. But before discussing the impacts of losing this natural, vital variety, it is helpful to first appreciate the full scope of biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>The Convention on Biological Diversity \u2013 a part of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u2013\u00a0defines\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/convention\/articles\/?a=cbd-02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biological diversity<\/a>\u00a0as \u201cthe variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In other words, biodiversity broadly covers the variations found in genes, species, habitats, <a title=\"Ecosystems and Conservation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/ecosystems-and-conservation\">ecosystems<\/a>, and ecological processes, and the interconnections between these forms of diversity. Also,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/rainforests.mongabay.com\/0303a.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">larger areas<\/a>\u00a0are likely to have a wider range of distinct habitats (more<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/earth-and-planetary-sciences\/ecological-niche\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0ecological niches<\/a>), encouraging greater species richness.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"5_Major_Effects_of_Biodiversity_Loss\"><strong>5 Major Effects of Biodiversity Loss<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><div id=\"toc_container\" class=\"no_bullets\"><p class=\"toc_title\">Contents<\/p><ul class=\"toc_list\"><li><a href=\"#5_Major_Effects_of_Biodiversity_Loss\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_1\">1<\/span> 5 Major Effects of Biodiversity Loss<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"#1_Impacts_on_Ecosystem_Stability_and_Services\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.1<\/span> 1. Impacts on Ecosystem Stability and Services<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#2_Accelerated_Extinction_of_Species\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.2<\/span> 2. Accelerated Extinction of Species<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#3_Increased_Zoonotic_Disease_Transmission_to_Humans\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.3<\/span> 3. Increased Zoonotic Disease Transmission to Humans<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#4_More_Conflict_Between_Humans_and_Wildlife\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.4<\/span> 4. More Conflict Between Humans and Wildlife<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#5_Threatened_Food_Security_and_Medicinal_Resources\"><span class=\"toc_number toc_depth_2\">1.5<\/span> 5. Threatened Food Security and Medicinal Resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n<h3><span id=\"1_Impacts_on_Ecosystem_Stability_and_Services\"><b><\/b><b>1. Impacts on Ecosystem Stability and Services<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/brv.12756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Like asset diversification<\/a>\u00a0in economics, biological diversification also provides insurance,<\/p>\n<p>but against environmental fluctuations and volatility. A 2015\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1126\/science.aaa1788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Science<\/i>\u00a0article<\/a>\u00a0indicates that \u201ca given decrease in plant species numbers [led] to a quantitatively similar decrease in ecosystem stability regardless of which driver caused the biodiversity loss.\u201d For those of us who are not biologists or ecologists, this basically suggests that biodiversity loss results in less stable, less\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/earth-and-planetary-sciences\/ecosystem-resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">resilient<\/a>\u00a0ecosystems.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the loss of biological diversity threatens essential ecological functions, the ones upon which human life depends.<\/p>\n<p>Biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sefari.scot\/research\/learning-by-doing-understanding-and-managing-for-ecological-resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are generally positive<\/a>. So, it seems safe to say that biodiversity loss reduces the effective functioning of ecosystems, also affecting their services.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=ecosystem+services+earth+org&amp;rlz=1C5CHFA_enHK919HK919&amp;ei=Z4IRZI7aE7qw2roPxvyW8AE&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjOqbTgwt39AhU6mFYBHUa-BR4Q4dUDCA8&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=ecosystem+services+earth+org&amp;gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQAzIFCAAQogQ6CggAEEcQ1gQQsAM6BwgAELADEEM6BwgAEA0QgAQ6CgguEA0QgAQQ1AI6BQgAEIYDOggIABAIEB4QDToKCAAQCBAeEA0QDzoICAAQHhANEA86BwghEKABEAo6BQghEKABSgQIQRgAUP0CWJgWYLQXaAFwAXgAgAGMAYgBwgqSAQQwLjExmAEAoAEByAEKwAEB&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ecosystem services<\/a>\u00a0are the numerous, life-sustaining benefits that humans derive from thriving ecosystems. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.millenniumassessment.org\/en\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment<\/a>\u00a0divides these benefits into four categories:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Provisioning services:<\/b>\u00a0Tangible <a title=\"Assistant Research Fellow (Natural Resources Management)(Re-Advertised) \u2013 2 Post\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/assistant-research-fellow-natural-resources-managementre-advertised-2-post\">resources directly extracted from nature<\/a>, such as food, water, wood, oils, minerals, plants, and medicine.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Regulating services:<\/b>\u00a0Modulation of natural phenomena to make them safe and useful for humans and other lifeforms. For example, air and soil quality maintenance, water purification, crop pollination, carbon storage, and climate control.<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural services:<\/b>\u00a0Non-material, intrinsic benefits that humans have always attained from nature,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwf.org\/Educational-Resources\/Wildlife-Guide\/Understanding-Conservation\/Ecosystem-Services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including<\/a>\u00a0\u201ccontribut[ion] to the development and cultural advancement of people.\u201d<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Supporting services:<\/b>\u00a0The most fundamental services, being the provision of liveable habitats for diverse lifeforms, and the creation and maintenance of genetic diversity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Not only does biodiversity loss impact individual species, but it also alters their symbiotic interrelations with other species and their habitats. In turn, <a title=\"Postdoc \u2013 scenarios for forests ecosystem services\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/postdoc-scenarios-for-forests-ecosystem-services\">ecosystem functions and aforementioned services<\/a> are disrupted, with widespread consequences for humans and other life on Earth.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"2_Accelerated_Extinction_of_Species\"><b><\/b><b>2. Accelerated Extinction of Species<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Many experts agree that the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/sixth-mass-extinction-of-wildlife-accelerating\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sixth Mass Extinction<\/a>\u00a0is underway. Species numbers continue to disappear because of anthropogenic climate change, habitat destruction, overexploitation and over-harvest, pollution, and introduction of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/invasive-species-worlds-ecosystems-facing-a-fresh-threat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">invasive species<\/a>. Compared with the natural extinction rate (if humans weren\u2019t around), the current one is around 1,000 to 10,000 times higher.<\/p>\n<p>The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) writes that the climate crisis is disrupting the survival of all the threatened species on its\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Red List<\/a>. As of March 2023, out of its 150,300 assessed lifeforms, about 42,100 \u2013 over a quarter \u2013 are uncomfortably close to extinction. This number of (currently assessed) threatened species\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">comprises<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">41% of amphibians<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">39% of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/science.jrank.org\/pages\/1920\/Cycads-General-characteristics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cycads<\/a><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">37% of rays and sharks<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">36% of reef corals<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">34% of conifers<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">28% of selected crustaceans<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">27% of mammals<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">21% of reptiles<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">13% of <a title=\"Grants for Research on Neotropical Birds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/grants-for-research-on-neotropical-birds\">birds<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Also \u2013 related to the above association between biodiversity and ecosystem stability \u2013 extinction cascades are\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2018\/02\/180219155019.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more likely<\/a>\u00a0\u201cwhen other species are not present to fill the \u2018gap\u2019 created by the loss of a species.\u201d Biodiversity decline fuels further biodiversity decline. This is another effect. In response, the IUCN has established a global\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/our-union\/commissions\/species-survival-commission\/partners-and-donors\/reverse-red\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reverse the Red<\/a>\u00a0movement, seeking to empower diverse actors to reverse biodiversity loss.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>You might also like:\u00a0<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/endangered-species-day\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>10 of the World\u2019s Most Endangered Animals in 2023<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"3_Increased_Zoonotic_Disease_Transmission_to_Humans\"><b><\/b><b>3. Increased Zoonotic Disease Transmission to Humans<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>A zoonotic disease, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/zoonoses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zoonosis<\/a>, is an infectious disease in humans that originates from pathogen transmission via non-human animals. These pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites, prions, etc.) are contracted in many ways. Examples include direct contact, indirect contact (from the environment), food consumption, drinking water, and insects and ticks.<\/p>\n<p>The transmission process itself is called \u201czoonotic spillover.\u201d In fact, the origins of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8182890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around 60-75%<\/a>\u00a0of human infectious diseases can be traced back to zoonotic spillover. Such diseases encompass monkeypox, SARS-Cov-2, AIDS, Ebola, Lyme disease, dengue fever, and Zika.<\/p>\n<p>According to a 2020\u00a0<i>Biodiversity and Conservation<\/i>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-020-02021-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article<\/a>, \u201cthe intensifying emergence of infectious pathogens has many underlying reasons, all driven by the growing anthropogenic impact on nature.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Human population growth has led, for instance, to increased land clearing for establishing croplands and pastures \u2013\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciwf.com\/media\/7443948\/food-system-impacts-on-biodiversity-loss-feb-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a main source<\/a>\u00a0of biodiversity loss. People working in these regions are more likely to come into direct or indirect contact with <a title=\"Wild Animal Small Grants Program\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/wild-animal-small-grants-program\">wild animals<\/a> and livestock, and their pathogens. Land clearance also\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-actuarial-journal\/article\/importance-of-biodiversity-risks-link-to-zoonotic-diseases\/ED61579636DAAD97247851007243E658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">creates space<\/a>\u00a0for more transportation links from rural and remote regions to densely populated urban areas. Thus, the spread of zoonotic diseases is sped up.<\/p>\n<p>Naturally, habitat loss<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2023540118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0affects<\/a>\u00a0non-human species, including those carrying pathogens. One consequence is that many wild animals are advancing closer to human communities, leading to higher disease transmission and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bmcecol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12898-020-00319-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human\u2013wildlife conflict<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>You might also like: \u200b\u200b<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/climate-change-and-disease\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>What\u2019s the Link Between Climate Change and Disease Outbreaks<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"4_More_Conflict_Between_Humans_and_Wildlife\"><b><\/b><b>4. More Conflict Between Humans and Wildlife<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Related to the last point,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/resources\/issues-brief\/human-wildlife-conflict\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human-wildlife conflict<\/a>\u00a0is any negative interaction between people and wild animals. It covers crop and property damage, physical injury, and even loss of human life. The tension is a significant issue for <a title=\"Call for Project Grant 2021: Sustainable development and climate change.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/call-for-project-grant-2021-sustainable-development-and-climate-change\">sustainable development<\/a> efforts<\/p>\n<p>A\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bmcecol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12898-020-00319-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research article<\/a>\u00a0focussing on Ethiopia identifies biodiversity loss as heightening inter-species conflict between humans and wildlife. Major friction sources are agricultural expansion, human settlements, overgrazing by livestock, deforestation, and poaching. The authors\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/bmcecol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12898-020-00319-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mention<\/a>\u00a0that deforestation in and around Bale Mountains National Park occurs to expand human communities. But, with less vegetation in these areas, the feeding, nesting, and mating sites of <a title=\"Wild Animal Initiative\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/wild-animal-initiative\">wild animals<\/a> are disrupted. So, human-wildlife conflict arises.<\/p>\n<p>Regarding land conversion, \u201cagro-pastoral habitats constitute the most widespread anthropogenic biome, covering 38% of Earth\u2019s ice-free land.\u201d Unfortunately, agricultural expansion is also\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ddi.13170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the single greatest threat to biodiversity<\/a>. Many species adapt to the ubiquitous habitat loss by foraging and hunting in these croplands and pastures. As a result, agropastoralist communities face threats from wild animals, especially\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/chapters\/66812\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">larger ones<\/a>. Sometimes they engage in retaliatory hunting, further endangering wildlife.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"5_Threatened_Food_Security_and_Medicinal_Resources\"><b><\/b><b>5. Threatened Food Security and Medicinal Resources<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As brought up in a UNEP report titled<a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-02\/2021-02-03-food-system-biodiversity-loss-benton-et-al_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0<i>Food Systems Impact on Biodiversity<\/i><\/a>, people naturally desire to cultivate land for the mass production of cheap food. We need to eat to survive, and it only seems fair to offer everyone food at affordable prices.<\/p>\n<p>But, as the report highlights, the costs associated with unviable agricultural practices don\u2019t just vanish. Instead, they are transferred to the very land and environment from which the food comes.<\/p>\n<p>Ironically,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/global-food-security\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">food security<\/a>\u00a0will be hard hit if\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/traditional-agriculture-heatwaves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unsustainable agricultural and farming practices<\/a>\u00a0continue. Agricultural expansion has already eroded large swathes of land,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/courseresources.mit.usf.edu\/sgs\/ph6934\/webpages\/CC\/module_5\/read\/Linking_agricultural_biodiversity_Linking_agricultural_biodiversity_thrupp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affecting<\/a>\u00a0soil, insect, plant, and mammal biodiversity. However, all forms of biodiversity, such as microbial,\u00a0horticultural crop, and animal biological diversity, are crucial for long-term, <a title=\"Yunus Environment Hub \u2014 Sustainable Food Systems in East Africa\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/yunus-environment-hub-sustainable-food-systems-in-east-africa\">sustainable food<\/a> production.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, for millennia people have turned to nature for medicinal resources. The current rates of biodiversity loss impact not just traditional medicine, but modern pharmaceuticals and drug innovations, too. Remember that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5735771\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biodiversity<\/a>\u00a0\u201cprovides a vital link to\u00a0critically expand the molecular diversity necessary for successful drug discovery efforts in the future.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Final Thoughts<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Current life on Earth is the result of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn17453-timeline-the-evolution-of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around four billion<\/a>\u00a0years of evolution. We live on the only planet known to have the perfect conditions for creating and sustaining life \u2013 not just human life, but that of all the diverse lifeforms making up the biosphere. However, anthropogenic biodiversity loss, across multiple trophic levels, is causing devastating ramifications for both non-human animals and humans.<\/p>\n<p><b><i>You might also like:\u00a0<\/i><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/earth.org\/benefits-of-biodiversity\/#:~:text=Biodiversity%20is%20often%20called%20the,on%20the%20planet's%20natural%20resources.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b><i>The Remarkable Benefits of Biodiversity<\/i><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Anthropocene refers to humanity\u2019s most recent and ecologically destructive period \u2013 perhaps starting around the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the term hasn\u2019t been officially adopted by\u00a0The International Union of Geological Sciences,\u00a0many specialists\u00a0agree that we are currently in the\u00a0Sixth Mass Extinction. While\u00a0Homo Sapiens\u00a0is the only species capable of disrupting the entire planet\u2019s biosphere, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5727"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5727\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5732,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5727\/revisions\/5732"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5728"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}