{"id":6598,"date":"2023-06-06T17:20:31","date_gmt":"2023-06-06T14:20:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/?p=6598"},"modified":"2023-06-06T17:22:32","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T14:22:32","slug":"protecting-the-ocean-5-essential-reads-on-invasive-species-overfishing-and-other-threats-to-sea-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/news\/protecting-the-ocean-5-essential-reads-on-invasive-species-overfishing-and-other-threats-to-sea-life","title":{"rendered":"Protecting the ocean: 5 essential reads on invasive species, overfishing and other threats to sea life"},"content":{"rendered":"

Humans rely on the ocean for many things, including food, jobs, recreation and\u00a0stabilization of Earth\u2019s climate<\/a>. But although ocean resources may seem infinite, human impacts like pollution, overfishing and climate change are creating what United Nations Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres has called an \u201cocean emergency<\/a>.\u201d Climate change is pushing ocean temperatures to\u00a0record levels<\/a>, many\u00a0fisheries are overharvested<\/a>, and plastic waste is\u00a0accumulating in the deep sea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

These five articles from The Conversation\u2019s archive spotlight urgent challenges for ocean conservation, and describe what researchers are doing to devise effective responses.<\/p>\n

1. A devastating invasion is expanding
\n<\/strong>Invasive lionfish are aggressive predators, native to the Indo-Pacific Ocean, that feed on smaller reef fish. They have caused heavy damage in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico since they first appeared in the Atlantic in 1985. Now, they\u2019ve spread south to Brazil, which has many rare endemic fish species and is behind the curve in responding.<\/p>\n

\u201cAs one of many Brazilian scientists who warned repeatedly about a potential lionfish invasion over the past decade, I\u2019m disheartened that my country missed the window to take early action,\u201d wrote Charles Darwin University marine scientist\u00a0Osmar J. Luiz<\/a>. \u201cNow, however, marine researchers<\/a> and local communities are stepping up.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\"A<\/div>\n
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Lionfish have venomous spines that protect<\/a> them against predators.<\/span>\u00a0Florida Fish and Wildlife<\/a>,\u00a0CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One important control strategy was to create an interactive dashboard where anyone can report lionfish sightings. Other steps are likely to include environmental education<\/a>, organized culls and genetic research to identify distinct lionfish populations and see where they\u2019re moving. With a similar lionfish invasion<\/a> underway in the Mediterranean, there\u2019s urgent need for effective responses.<\/p>\n

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2. Mining the seabed poses ecological risks
\n<\/strong>One of the ocean\u2019s potentially most valuable resources hasn\u2019t been tapped yet \u2013 but that could be about to change.<\/p>\n

Scattered across large zones of the ocean floor, manganese nodules \u2013 lumps that look like cobblestones \u2013 contain rich deposits of\u00a0nickel, copper, cobalt and other metals<\/a>\u00a0that are newly in demand for manufacturing batteries and renewable energy components.<\/p>\n

\u201cA fierce debate is now playing out as a Canadian company makes plans to launch the first commercial deep sea mining operation in the Pacific Ocean,\u201d Indiana University scholars\u00a0Scott Shackelford<\/a>,\u00a0Christiana Ochoa<\/a>,\u00a0David Bosco<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Kerry Krutilla<\/a>\u00a0warned.<\/p>\n

Less than 10% of the deep seabed has been mapped thoroughly, and most life forms discovered there have never been seen before. Collecting materials from the ocean floor could harm these species \u2013 for example, by burying them in sediments. \u201cWe believe it would be wise to better understand this existing, fragile ecosystem<\/a> better before rushing to mine it,\u201d the authors concluded.<\/p>\n

3. Illegal fishing is common and hard to detect
\n<\/strong>Illegal fishing \u2013 taking too many fish, or harvesting threatened species \u2013 causes economic losses estimated at US$10 billion to $25 billion annually. It also has been linked to human rights violations, such as forced labor and human trafficking. But it\u2019s easy to conduct these activities out of sight on the high seas.<\/p>\n

By looking at when and where fishing boats turned off their location transponders at sea, academic<\/a> and nongovernment researchers showed that these silences can be an important signal.<\/p>\n

\u201cVessels frequently went dark on the high-seas edge of exclusive economic zone boundaries, which can\u00a0obscure illegal fishing in unauthorized locations<\/a>,\u201d wrote\u00a0Heather Welch<\/a>, a researcher in ecosystem dynamics at the University of California, Santa Cruz.<\/p>\n

Ships may also disable their transponders to avoid pirates or avoid drawing competitors to rich fishing sites, so making it illegal to turn their signals off isn\u2019t a practical strategy. But more analysis of where boats go dark could help governments target inspections and patrols, reducing crimes at sea.<\/p>\n

4. Scientists are designing an \u2018internet of the ocean\u2019
\n<\/strong>Just as there are unnumbered life forms in the ocean yet to be discovered, there also are many unanswered questions about its physical processes. For example, scientists know that the ocean\u00a0pulls carbon from the atmosphere<\/a>\u00a0and transfers it to deep waters, where it can remain stored for long periods. But they don\u2019t know how biological and chemical shifts affect this carbon<\/a> cycling process.<\/p>\n

Scientists at the\u00a0Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution<\/a>\u00a0in Massachusetts are designing a monitoring system called the Ocean Vital Signs Network that could make it possible to test strategies for storing more carbon in the ocean and tracking how well they work. They envision \u201ca large network of moorings and sensors that\u00a0provides 4D eyes on the oceans<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the fourth dimension being time \u2013 that are always on, always connected to monitor these carbon cycling processes and ocean health,\u201d wrote WHOI director\u00a0Peter de Menocal<\/a>, a marine geologist and paleoclimatologist.<\/p>\n

The network would include intelligent gliders and autonomous vehicles that could collect data and then dock, repower and upload it. It also would use sensors and acoustic transceivers to monitor dark, hidden reaches of the ocean where carbon is stored. \u201cThis network makes observation possible for making decisions that will affect future generations,\u201d de Menocal wrote.<\/p>\n

5. Ocean plastic waste has a message for humans
\n<\/strong>Over the past several decades, plastic pollution<\/a> has become one of the world\u2019s more widespread environmental crises. Every year, millions of tons of plastic trash end up in the ocean,\u00a0killing sea creatures<\/a>,\u00a0smothering ecosystems<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0threatening human health<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Georgia State University art professor\u00a0Pam Longobardi<\/a>\u00a0grew up in New Jersey, where her father brought home plastic trinkets from his job at the chemical company Union Carbide. Today, Longobardi collects plastic waste<\/a> from shorelines around the world and sculpts it into large-scale installations that are both eye-catching and alarming.<\/p>\n

\n
\"A<\/div>\n
\u2018Albatross\u2019 and \u2018Hope Floats,\u2019 2017. Recovered ocean plastic, survival rescue blankets, life vest straps and steel.<\/span>\u00a0Pam Longobardi<\/span>,\u00a0CC BY-ND<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n

\u201cI see plastic as\u00a0a zombie material that haunts the ocean<\/a>,\u201d Longobardi wrote. \u201cI am interested in ocean plastic in particular because of what it reveals about us as humans in a global culture, and about the ocean as a cultural space and a giant dynamic engine of life and change. Because ocean plastic visibly shows nature\u2019s attempts to reabsorb and regurgitate it, it has profound stories to tell.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Humans rely on the ocean for many things, including food, jobs, recreation and\u00a0stabilization of Earth\u2019s climate. But although ocean resources may seem infinite, human impacts like pollution, overfishing and climate change are creating what United Nations Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres has called an \u201cocean emergency.\u201d Climate change is pushing ocean temperatures to\u00a0record levels, many\u00a0fisheries are overharvested, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6599,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6598"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6606,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6598\/revisions\/6606"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfwt.sua.ac.tz\/ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}